XIX. The Criterion of Embarrassment

If you wanted to invent a religion, you would not invent it like this. You would not have the lead apostle deny his master three times before the rooster crowed. You would not have the first eyewitnesses of the resurrection be women — whose testimony was inadmissible in first-century Jewish courts. You would not have the founder cry from the cross, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" You would not have his own family say he was out of his mind.

These details are in the Gospels. They are embarrassing to the cause of early Christianity. And that is precisely why the historian counts them as evidence.

The criterion of embarrassment is a foundational tool of historical-Jesus scholarship, formalized by John P. Meier in A Marginal Jew (1991) and used by Bauckham, Wright, Habermas, and dozens of others across the theological spectrum. The principle is simple:

If the Church survived and grew, it would have polished away any rough edge that hurt its message — unless that rough edge was protected by being something the eyewitnesses actually remembered and refused to alter. The principle inverts the usual suspicion: what looks like the Church's interest fails the criterion; what looks against the Church's interest passes it.