IX. Hebrew Has No Tenses

English speakers misread the prophets because we expect grammar like ours: past, present, future. Hebrew doesn't have tenses. It has aspect — completed (perfective, qatal) vs. incomplete (imperfective, yiqtol) — and time is inferred from context.

This produces a phenomenon called the prophetic perfect: the prophet describes a future event using the completed form, as if it has already happened, because in God's decree it has.

Hebrew has a peculiar construction where prefixing the letter ו (waw, "and") to an imperfect verb flips its aspect — and this is how biblical Hebrew narrates sequential past action. Genesis 1 is a long chain of waw-consecutives: "And God said... and there was... and God saw... and God called..." Each verb is technically imperfective but reads as sequential past because of the waw chain.